closure in javascript
var counter = (function() { var privateCounter = 0; function changeBy(val) { privateCounter += val; } return { increment: function() { changeBy(1); }, decrement: function() { changeBy(-1); }, value: function() { return privateCounter; } }; })(); console.log(counter.value()); // logs 0 counter.increment(); counter.increment(); console.log(counter.value()); // logs 2 counter.decrement(); console.log(counter.value()); // logs 1