python string indexing
str = 'codegrepper' # str[start:end:step] #by default: start = 0, end = len(str), step = 1 print(str[:]) #codegrepper print(str[::]) #codegrepper print(str[5:]) #repper print(str[:8]) #codegrep print(str[::2]) #cdgepr print(str[2:8]) #degrep print(str[2:8:2]) #dge #step < 0 : reverse print(str[::-1]) #reppergedoc print(str[::-3]) #rpgo # str[start:end:-1] means start from the end, go backward and stop at start print(str[8:3:-1]) #pperg